|
Home |
 |
Habitats, Techniques & Resources |  |
NOAA Restoration References | |
NOAA Habitat Program |  |
Living
Shorelines
| Description | Living
Shoreline Implementation |
NOAA
Living Shoreline Projects |
Publications & Resources |
Federal & State Contacts |   |
|
|||||
|
Publications and Resources
Literature searches on the hard/structural, soft/nonstructural, and oyster reef components of Living Shoreline stabilization have revealed abundant information, including fact sheets, brochures, press releases, newsletters, and guides pertaining to general restoration techniques, vegetation, structural design, construction, monitoring, and maintenance of Living Shorelines restoration sites. Prominent sources of information on Living Shoreline restoration components have been categorized and are available for viewing by clicking on the links below.
Center for a Sustainable Coast: Erosion Control: “Living Shorelines” Program Chesapeake Bay Foundation: Bay-Friendly Landscaping: Shorelines Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum: Shore Erosion Control: Living Shorelines and Other Approaches Maryland Department of Natural Resources Coastal Zone Management Program - Maryland Shorelines Online Maryland Department of Natural Resources: Shore Erosion Control Program North Carolina Coastal Federation: Erosion Control Non-Structural Alternatives The Severn Riverkeeper: Living Shoreline Project on the Severn River Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program Virginia Institute of Marine Science:
Shoreline Erosion Problems: Think Green! http://www.vims.edu/newsmedia/pdfs/ShorelineEros.pdf Virginia Institute of Marine Science: Shoreline Managers Assessment Kit Virginia Institute of Marine Science: Shoreline Studies Program Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife: Habitat Technical Assistance: Marine and Estuarine Shoreline Modification Issues
Barnard, T. and S. Hardaway (eds.). Shoreline Erosion Problems: Think Green! Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Chesapeake Bay Foundation: Bay-Friendly Shoreline Solution City of Newport News: Shoreline Erosion Control Informational Brochure for the Single-Family Property Owner Maryland Department of Natural Resources: Living Shorelines: A guide for waterfront property owners Maryland Department of Natural Resources: Shore Erosion Control Program North Carolina Coastal Federation: NCCF Restoration and Protection Project: Living Shorelines The Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment: Living Shorelines Stewardship Initiative
Barnard, T. 2004. Preserving The Bay’s Living Shorelines: A Growing Grass-roots Effort. The Virginia Wetlands Report. VIMS Wetlands Program, Gloucester Pt., VA. 6pp. Bryan, D. 2003. Officials pushing for “living shoreline.” New Bern SUN Journal (online), September 3, 2003. Carmean, J.E. Jr. 2004. Vegetation vs. rock proposed for creek's City Park shoreline. The Daily Times (online), September 10, 2004. Chesapeake Bay Foundation. 2004. Living Shoreline Could Help Stop Pollution on the Wicomico. October 8, 2004. Chesapeake
Bay Foundation. 2005. Salisbury
City Park's Beaverdam Creek Restoration Update. January 10, 2005. Dail, T. 2003. Onslow, Carteret efforts for the environment awarded. The Daily News (online), October 4, 2003. Jacksonville, NC. Duhring, K. 2005. Annual Summary of Permitted Tidal Wetland Impacts - 2004. The Virginia Wetlands Report, pp. 1-3. VIMS Wetlands Program, Gloucester Pt., VA. Hyland, T. 2003. Environmentalists seek natural buffers to replace bulkheads. The Capital (online). North Carolina Coastal Federation. 2003: Coastal Federation Applauds New "Living Shorelines" Law. Press Release. North Carolina Coastal Federation. 2005: Restoration Efforts Create New Habitat. Coastal Review, Winter 2005. p.10. Restore America’s Estuaries. Featured Restoration Project: A shoreline restoration project in North Carolina was so successful that it sparked new state legislation. Rhode Island Sea Grant. 1998: Coastal Erosion and Sea Level Rise U.S. Department of Commerce. 2002. NOAA Celebrates Completion of Oyster Project: Partners Plant 500,000 Oysters. U.S. Department of Commerce News, September 24, 2002. Washington, D.C. NOAA 02-R142. 2pp. Wood, P. 2004. Environmental Center to serve as model for bay cleanup. November 5, 2004. The Capital (online), November 5, 2004.
D. NOAA OCRM Shoreline Management Technical Assistance Toolbox NOAA's Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) is responsible for implementing the Coastal Zone Management Act, which Congress passed in 1972 to address growing concerns about the health of the nation's coastal resources. OCRM will be launching a new website in Summer 2006: the Shoreline Management Technical Assistance Toolbox. The website will provide coastal managers, local decision makers and the general public with information about, and easy access to, management tools that can be used to address shoreline erosion. The site specifically focuses on management approaches that avoid shoreline hardening, such as construction set back lines, planning, and shoreline zoning. The site also provides information on economic principles and analyses related to shoreline management and an annotated bibliography of a variety of shoreline management resources including reports, papers and websites. For additional information on OCRM's Shoreline Management Initiative, visit their website: OCRM's Shoreline Management Initiative
Erwin, K.L. 1996. A Bibliography of Wetland Creation and Restoration
Literature. Published by Wetlands International and The
Association of State Wetland Managers, Inc. [http://www.wetlands.org/pubs&/pub_online/restbibintro.doc] Henderson, J., and J. O'neil. 2003. Economic Values Associated with Construction of Oyster Reefs by the Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ecosystem Management and Restoration Research Program. Technical Note ERDC TN-EMRRP-ER-01. [http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/er01.pdf ] Hoag, J.C. 2000. Costs and considerations of streambank bioengineering
treatments. R iparian/Wetland Project Information
Series No. 15. USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service.
North Carolina Sea Grant. 1997. Use of restored oyster reef habitat by economically valuable fishes and crabs in North Carolina : an experimental approach with economic analyses. Project 96FEC-104, Morehead City, NC. Shore Erosion Control and Restoration Guidance Ahrens, J.P. and E.T. Fulford. 1988. Wave Energy Dissipation by Reef Breakwaters. Reprinted from Proceedings of the Oceans '88 Conference. Baltimore, Md, October 31 - November 2, 1988. Blama, R.N., S.D. Garbarino, J. Gill, and M.C. Landin. 1995. Shoreline Stabilization and Restoration at Barren Island and Historic Smith Island, Chesapeake Bay: Innovative Geotextile Tube Technology, p. 385-387. In M.C. Landin (Ed.), Proceedings of National Interagency Workshop on Wetlands: Technology Advances for Wetlands Science, April 3-7, New Orleans, Louisiana. Burke, D.G, E.W. Koch, and J.C. Stevenson. 2004. Assessment of Hybrid Type Shore Erosion Control Projects in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay. Final DRAFT report submitted to the Coastal Zone Management Division of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Annapolis, Maryland. October, 2004. Burke Environmental Associates. 2005. Living Shorelines Installation: Introduction to Principles and Practices. A course sponsored by Burke Environmental Associates, LLC., courtesy of The Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment, the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, the Chesapeake Bay Environmental Center, the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, and the Maryland Eastern Shore Resource Conservation and Development Council. Saturday, April 30, 2005, Queenstown, Maryland. Carroll, R.A. 2002. Nekton Utilization of Intertidal Fringing Salt Marsh and Revetment Hardened Shorelines. A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the School of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary in Virginia, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science. Chesapeake Bay Program. 1998. Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Model Application and Calculation of Nutrient and Sediment Loadings:
Appendix H: Tracking Best Management Practice Nutrient Reductions
in the Chesapeake Bay Program. See table H.2.2. on 75% reduction
of nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended sediment loads through
the use of nonstructural shore erosion control techniques (based
on the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Model). Annapolis, MD. Chesapeake Bay Program. 2005 ( 2/18/05 DRAFT). Helping to reduce sediment pollution to the Chesapeake Bay : Tidal Sediment Guidance for Shoreline Management. [http://www.chesapeakebay.net/pubs/calendar/SEDWG_02-22-05_Handout_1_5755.pdf] De Blij, H.J., P.O. Muller, and R.S. Williams. 2003. Physical Geography: The Global Environment. 3 rd edition. Perspectives on the Human Environment : Tides and Their Behavior . Unit 51. 4 Coastal Landforms and Landscapes: Living Shorelines. Oxford University Press, 720 pp. Ellis, J.T., D.J. Sherman , B.O. Bauer,
and J. Hart. 2002. Assessing the Impact of an Organic Restoration
Structure on Boat Wake Energy. J.
Coastal Research , Special Issue 36: 256-65. (ICS 2002 Proceedings).
Environmental Protection Agency. 2004. Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. Chapter 6: Management Measures for Hydromodification: Channelization and Channel Modification, Dams and Streambank Shoreline Erosion. [ http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/MMGI/Chapter6/] Fulton-Bennett, K., and G.B. Briggs. 1986. Coastal Protection Structures and Their Effectiveness. A joint publication of the State of California Department of Boating and Waterways and the Marine Sciences Institute of the University of California at Santa Cruz. See section on filter cloth, p. 35-36. [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/cuimr/cuimrt86004.pdf] Hardaway, C.S. 1996. Shoreline Erosion Guidance for Chesapeake
Bay: Virginia . In: Virginia Wetlands Management Handbook (2nd
Edition). Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Wetlands Program.
Gloucester Point, VA. January 1996. Hardaway, C.S. & R.J. Byrne. 1999. Shoreline Management in Chesapeake Bay . Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Virginia Sea Grant Publication VSG-99-11. [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/vsgcp/vsgcpg99003.pdf] Hardaway, C.S., Jr., L.M. Varnell, D.A. Milligan, W.I. Priest, G.R. Thomas, and R.C.H. Brindley. 2002. An integrated habitat enhancement approach to shoreline stabilization for a Chesapeake Bay island community. Wetlands Ecology and Management 10 (4): 289-302. Hayes, D.F., T.J. Olin, J.C. Fischenich, and M.R. Palermo. 2000. Wetlands Engineering Handbook: Section 5-4: Shoreline Protection and Erosion Control. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Technical Report . WRP-RE-21. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. [http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/wrpre21/sec5.pdf] Interagency Workgroup on Wetland Restoration. 2003. An Introduction
and User's Guide to Wetland Restoration, Creation, and Enhancement. Washington
, DC : United States . Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Water. Johannessen, J. 2001. Soft Shore Protection as an Alternative to Bulkheads - projects And Monitoring. Puget Sound Research, 2001. [http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/01_proceedings/sessions/oral/4b_johan.pdf ] Jones, K. and E. Hanna. 2004. Design and implementation of an ecological engineering approach to coastal restoration at Loyola Beach, Kleberg County, Texas. Ecological Engineering 22 (4-5): 241-61. Kelley, J.T., A.R. Kelley, and O.H. Pilkey. 1989. Living with the Coast of Maine. Durham : Duke University Press. 174 pp. Luscher, Audra. 2002. (Sea Grant Fellow). Summary of Coastal State Policies on Sea Level Rise, Estuarine Shoreline Erosion and Stabilization. Unpublished Draft Copy. Written for North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Coastal Management. 2002. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Center for Watershed Protection. 2004. Lower Patuxent River Watershed Restoration Action Strategy in Calvert County, MD. [http://dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/download/bays/lowpat_strategy.pdf] Maryland Department of Natural Resources. 2000. State of Maryland
: Shore Erosion Task Force. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Administration. Shore Erosion Control Guidelines for Waterfront Property Owners. Annapolis, MD. [http://www.dnr.state.md.us/grantsandloans/waterfrontpropertyownersguide.pdf] McCormick, M.A. Chasten, J.D. Rosati, and R.E. Randall. 1993. Engineering design guidance for detached breakwaters as shoreline stabilization structures. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 167 pp. Niedowski, N.L. 2000. New York State Salt Marsh
Restoration and Monitoring Guidelines. Prepared for the New York
State Department of State, Division of Coastal Resources, and
the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division
of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources, Bureau of Marine Resources.
North Carolina Coastal Federation. Erosion Control: Non-Structural
Alternatives, A Shorefront Property Owner's Guide. O'Neill, C.R., Jr., and J. Tanski. 1984. Coastal Erosion Control Structures. Maintaining New York Sea Grant Cooperative Extension Program. [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/nyext/nyextg84004.pdf] Pilarczyk, K.W. 2003. Design of low-crested (submerged) structures – an
overview. 6 th International Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering
in Developing Countries, Colombo , Sri Lanka . Pilkey, O.H. and W.J. Neal (eds.). Living With the Shore Series. Durham : Duke University Press. Pilkey, O.H. and K.L. Dixon. 1996. The Corps and the Shore. Washington , D.C. : Island Press. 272 pp. Rogers, S. and T. Skrabal. 1999. The Soundfront Series: Managing
Erosion on Estuarine Shorelines. North Carolina State University
Press, North Carolina . Stauble, D.K. and Tabar, J.R. 2003. The Use of Submerged Narrow-Crested Breakwaters for Shoreline Erosion Control. Journal of Coastal Research 19(3): 684–722. [http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/%5CMedia/3/5/2%5Ccoas_19_202_684_722.pdf] Thayer, G.W., T.A. McTigue, R.J. Bellmer, F.M. Burrows, D.H. Merkey, A.D. Nickens, S.J. Lozano, P.F. Gayaldo, P.J. Polmateer, and P.T. Pinit. 2003. Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats, Volume One: A Framework for Monitoring Plans Under the Estuaries and Clean Waters Act of 2000 (Public Law 160-457). NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 23, Volume 1. NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring , MD. 35 pp. plus appendices. [http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/documents/restorationmntg.pdf ] Thayer, G.W., T.A. McTigue, R.J. Salz, D.H. Merkey, F.M. Burrows, and P.F. Gayaldo (eds.). 2005. Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats, Volume Two: Tools for Monitoring Coastal Habitats. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 23. NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Silver Spring , MD. 628 pp. plus appendices. [http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/documents/rmv2/WholeDocument.pdf] Titus, J.G. 1998. Rising seas, coastal erosion, and the Takings
Clause: How to save wetlands and beaches without hurting property
owners. Maryland Law Review 57(4): 1279-1399.
Turner, I.L. and S.P. Leatherman. 1997. Beach dewatering as a 'soft' engineering solution to coastal erosion - A history and critical review. J.Coast. Res. 13(4): 1050-1063. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2003. Coastal Engineering Manual-
Part V; Chapter 3: Shore Protection Projects; Section V-3-4: Nonstructural
alternatives. Engineer Manual No. 1110-2-1100. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2003. Coastal Engineering Manual- Part V; Chapter 7: Coastal Engineering for Environmental Enhancement. [http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-manuals/em1110-2-1100/PartV/Part-V-Chap_7entire.pdf] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Low Cost Shore Protection: a Guide for Engineers and Contractors. Shore Protection Methods: Vegetation. [http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/2/4/1/sect54eng.pdf] U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. 1998. Geotextile Tube Structures for Wetlands Restoration and Protection. WRP Technical Note HS-RS-3.2. [http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/wrtc/wrp/tnotes/hsrs3-2.pdf] Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 1992. Virginia
Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook, 3 rd edition. Williams, G.D., and R.M. Thom. 2001. Marine and estuarine shoreline modification issues. A white paper submitted to the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Washington Department of Ecology, and the Washington Department of Transportation. [http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/ahg/finalsl.pdf] Streambank Erosion Control Guidance Allen, H.H., and J.R. Leech, eds. 1997. Bioengineering for Streambank
Erosion Control: Report 1, Guidelines. Environmental Impact Research
Program. Report prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Headquarters.
Caulk, A.D., J.E. Gannon, J.R. Shaw, and J.H. Hartig. 2000. Best Management Practices for Soft Engineering of Shorelines. Greater Detroit American Heritage River Initiative, Detroit , Michigan. [http://www.tellusnews.com/ahr/art/REPORT/treeview.pdf] DeFrancesco, D. and P.L. Hansen . 2000. Evaluating the effectiveness
of streambank stabilization techniques for reducing bank erosion
on the Upper Clark Fork River, Western Montana. 2000 Billings
Land Reclamation Symposium. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Guidance specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. Chapter 6: Management Measures for Hydromodification: Channelization and Channel Modification, Dams, and Streambank and Shoreline Erosion. Note: Table 6-4 lists sources for the proper design of shoreline and streambank erosion control structures (p. 6-69 to 6-71). [http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/MMGI/Chapter6/ch6-4.html] Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group. 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. [http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/stream_restoration/] Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission. 2000. Guidelines for Streambank Stabilization. 59 pp. Hoag, J.C. 2000. Costs and considerations of streambank bioengineering
treatments. R iparian/Wetland Project Information
Series No. 15. USDA- Natural Resources Conservation Service. Li, M.H. and K.E. Eddleman. 2002. Biotechnical engineering as an alternative to traditional engineering methods: A biotechnical streambank stabilization design approach. Landscape and Urban Planning 60(4): 225-42. Maryland Department of Natural Resources.
2005 (January draft). Maryland Stream ReLeaf Implementation Plan
2005-2010 (DRAFT). See p. 16 on targeting riparian forest buffers
for living shoreline projects. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Stream Restoration Using Bioengineering Techniques: A Demonstration Project in Rock Creek Park , City of Frederick , MD. [http://dnrweb.dnr.state.md.us/download/grantsandloans/streamrestoration.pdf] Shields, F.D., R.R. Copeland, P.C. Klingeman, M.W. Doyle, and A. Simon. 2003. Design for Stream Restoration. J. Hydr. Engrg. 129 (8): 575-584. US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vegetative Measures for Streambank Stabilization: Case Studies from Illinois and Missouri. [http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/n_resource/stream/str_cov.htm] United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1996a. National engineering handbook, Part 650 - engineering field handbook. Chapter 16 - streambank and shoreline protection. USDA NRCS. Washington, DC. Vegetation Planting Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca, and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1982. Planting Marsh Grasses for Erosion Control. C. Griffin (ed.). North Carolina Sea Grant Publication 81-09. [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/ncu/ncug81006.pdf] Broome, S.W., S.M. Rogers, Jr., and E.D. Seneca. 1992. Shoreline Erosion Control Using Marsh Vegetation and Low-Cost Structures. North Carolina State University Press, North Carolina . [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/ncu/ncuh92002.pdf] Churchill, A., C. Coolidge, E. Anthony, and M.I. Riner. 1978. Stabilization of Subtidal Sediments by the Transplantation of the Seagrass Zostera marina. New York Sea Grant Report Series. Copeland, B.J. 1998. Salt Marsh Restoration: Coastal Habitat Enhancement. Burgess, C. (ed.). North Carolina Sea Grant Publication No. UNC-SG-98-08. [http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/restoration/publications/saltmarsh.pdf] Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, and G.W. Thayer. 1982. A low cost transplanting procedure for sediment stabilization and habitat development using eelgrass (Zostera marina). Wetlands (2): 138-151. Fonesca, M.S. et al. 1994. Seagrass Planting in the Southeastern United States : Methods for Accelerating Habitat Development. Restoration Ecology 2(3): 198-212. Fonseca, M.S., W.J. Kenworthy, G.W. Thayer, D.Y. Heller, and K.M. Cheap. 1985. Transplanting of the seagrasses Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii for sediment stabilization and habitat development on the east coast of the United States . Tech.Rep. U.S. Army Eng. Waterways Exp. Stn., 64pp. Hernandez, D., W. Reynolds, and L. Hajjar. Vegetated Riparian Buffers And Buffer Ordinances. NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. [http://www.scdhec.net/ocrm/pubs/buffers.pdf] Kirkman, H. 1992. Large-Scale Restoration of Seagrass Meadows. In: Restoring the Nation's Marine Environment. G.W. Thayer (ed.). Maryland: Maryland Sea Grant College. 1992. 223-278. Knutson, P.L. et al. National Survey of Planted Marshes (Vegetative Stabilization and Wave Stress). Wetland Restoration . pp 129-157. Knutson, P.L. 1977. Planting Guidelines for Marsh Development and Bank Stabilization. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, VA. Coastal Engineering Technical Aid No. 77-3. Knutson, P.L. 1988. Role of Coastal Marshes in Energy Dissipation and Shore Protection. In: The Ecology and Management of Wetlands, Volume 1:Ecology of Wetlands, ed. D.D. Hook, W.H. McKee, Jr., H.K. Smith, J. Gregory, V.G. Burrell, Jr., M.R. DeVoe, R.E. Sojka, S. Gilbert, R. Banks, L.H. Stolzy, C. Brooks, T.D. Matthews, and T.H. Shear (eds.). Portland : Timber Press. Pp. 161-175. Knutson, P.L., and M.R. Inskeep. 1982. Shore Erosion Control with Salt Marsh Vegetation. Coastal Engineering Technical Aid No. 82-3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS. Knutson, P.L. & W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1983. Shore Stabilization with Salt Marsh Vegetation. Special Report 9. Coastal Engineering Research Center. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Lieberman, A.S. and C.R. O'Neill, Jr. 1988. Vegetation Use in
Coastal Ecosystems. New York Sea Grant Information Bulletin 198.
Cooperative Extension Program, Cornell University. Publication
No. NYSGI-T-88-002 C2. Menashe, E. 2001. Bio-Structural Erosion Control: Incorporating
Vegetation Into Engineering Designs to Protect Puget Sound Shorelines.
Greenbelt Consulting. Puget Sound Research 2001. Niedowski, N.L. 2000. New York State Salt Marsh Restoration and
Monitoring Guidelines. Prepared for the New York State Department
of State, Division of Coastal Resources, and the New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish, Wildlife
and Marine Resources, Bureau of Marine Resources. O'Connell, J.F. (ed.). 2002. Stabilizing Dunes and Coastal Banks Using Vegetation and Bioengineering: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA ( February 28, 2002 ). Woods Hole Oceanog. Inst. Tech. Report, WHOI-2002-11. [https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/retrieve/151/WHOI-2002-11.pdf] Rogers, S.M., Jr. 1994. Marsh Grass Protection with Low-cost Breakwaters.
Shoreline erosion control demonstration: final project report for
Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine study. North Carolina Sea Grant and
the North Carolina State University Department of Civil Engineering.
North Carolina Sea Grant Publication No. NCU-T-94-001 C3. Savage, T. 1972. Florida Mangroves as Shoreline Stabilizers. Florida
Department of Natural Resources. Prof. Pap. Ser. 19. Seliskar, D.M. 1991. Coastal Landscaping in Delaware with Common Marsh and Dune Plants. University of Delaware Sea Grant MAS Publication Bulletin No. DELU-G-91-002 C2. [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/delu/delug91002.pdf] Sharp, W.C., C.R. Belcher, and J. Oyler. Undated. Vegetation for Tidal Shoreline Stabilization in the Mid-Atlantic States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Broomall, PA. Stevely, J. and L. Rabinowitz. 1982. Mangroves, A Guide for
Planting and Maintenance. Florida Sea Grant publication. 1982.
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2003. Native vs. invasive plant species for erosion & sediment control. Frequently asked questions. [http://www.dcr.state.va.us/sw/docs/InvasiveFAQ.PDF] United States Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service Handbook. Vegetation For Tidal Shoreline Stabilization In the Mid-Atlantic States. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Ecology, Shorelands Environmental Assistance Program. Property Owner Guide: Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control Using Vegetation. Woodhouse, W.W., Jr., E.D. Seneca, and S.W. Broome. 1976. Propagation and Use of Spartina alterniflora for Shoreline Erosion Abatement. Technical Report 76-2 prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Fort Belvoir, VA. [http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/ncu/ncut76010.pdf]
|
|||||
